Malicious Intent

The mere infliction of physical injuries, absent malicious intent, does not make a person automatically liable for an intentional felony. In Bagajo v. People, the accused teacher, using a bamboo stick, whipped one of her students behind her legs and thighs as a form of discipline. The student suffered lesions and bruises from the corporal punishment. In reversing the trial court’s finding of criminal liability for slight physical injuries, this Court stated thus: “Independently of any civil or administrative responsibility … [w]e are persuaded that she did not do what she had done with criminal intent … the means she actually used was moderate and that she was not motivated by ill-will, hatred or any malevolent intent.” Considering the applicable laws, we then ruled that “as a matter of law, petitioner did not incur any criminal liability for her act of whipping her pupil.” In People v. Carmen,  the accused members of the religious group known as the Missionaries of Our Lady of Fatima – under the guise of a “ritual or treatment” – plunged the head of the victim into a barrel of water, banged his head against a bench, pounded his chest with fists, and stabbed him on the side with a kitchen knife, in order to cure him of “nervous breakdown” by expelling through those means the bad spirits possessing him. The collective acts of the group caused the death of the victim. Since malicious intent was not proven, we reversed the trial court’s finding of liability for murder under Article 4 of the Revised Penal Code and instead ruled that the accused should be held criminally liable for reckless imprudence resulting in homicide under Article 365 thereof  (Artemio Villareal Vs. People of the Philippines/People of the Philippines Vs. The Honorable Court of Appeals, et al./Fidelito Dizon Vs. People of the Philippines/Gerarda H. Villa Vs. Manuel Lorenzo Escalona II, et al.,
G.R. No. 151258/G.R. No. 154954/G.R. No. 155101/G.R. Nos. 178057 & G.R. No. 178080. February 1, 2012)